Communication from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs No. 133 / 1994 Coll.

Q: Is Communication from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs No. 133 / 1994 Coll. still valid?

Yes, Communication from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs No. 133 / 1994 Coll. is still valid and effective.

133

COMMUNICATION

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs states that the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage was adopted in Vienna on 21 May 1963 and the Joint Protocol on the Application of the Vienna Convention and the Paris Convention on 21 September 1988.

The Parliament of the Czech Republic gave its assent to the Convention and the Joint Protocol and the President of the Republic ratified them. The Charter on the access of the Czech Republic to the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damages of 21 May 1963 and to the Joint Protocol on the Application of the Vienna Convention and the Paris Convention of 21 September 1988 were deposited with the Secretary-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), depositary of the Convention, on 24 March 1994.

The Convention entered into force on 12 November 1977 on the basis of Article XXIII thereof. For the Czech Republic, it entered into force on 24 June 1994 in accordance with its Article XXIV (3).

The Joint Protocol entered into force on 27 April 1992 and 24 June 1994 for the Czech Republic pursuant to Article VII (1) thereof.

The Czech translation of the Convention and the Joint Protocol shall be announced simultaneously.

VIENNIA CONVENTION

ON CIVIL RELIEF FOR NUCLEAR TRADE

Contracting Parties,

recognised as desirable the establishment of certain minimum standards for providing financial protection against damage arising from a peaceful use of nuclear energy,

Believing that the Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage would also contribute to the development of friendly relations between nations, regardless of their different constitutional and social systems,

have decided to conclude a Convention for these purposes and have agreed to this as follows:

1. For the purposes of this Convention:

(a) "person" shall mean any individual, community, private or public body, corporate or not, any international organisation enjoying the status of a legal person under the law of the State of the establishment, and any State or any part thereof;

(b) "national of a Contracting Party" shall include a Contracting Party or any of its forming parts, community or any private or public institution of a corporate nature or not, established in the territory of a Contracting Party;

(c) "operator" in relation to a nuclear installation means the person designated or recognised by the State of the installation as the operator of that installation;

(d) "State of installation" in relation to a nuclear installation means the Contracting Party in whose territory the installation is located or, if it is not located in the territory of any State, the Contracting Party to which the nuclear installation is operated or under whose administration the nuclear installation is operated;

(e) "law of a competent court" shall mean the law of a court having jurisdiction under this Convention, including any rules of such law relating to the conflict of laws;

(f) "nuclear fuel" means any material capable of producing energy through an independent nuclear fission chain process;

(g) "radioactive products or waste" means any radioactive material which has been manufactured and which has become radioactive by exposure to radiation accompanying the production or use of nuclear fuel, but does not include radioactive isotopes which have reached the final stage of production so that it is applicable to any scientific, medical, agricultural, commercial or industrial purpose;

(h) "nuclear material" means:

(i) nuclear fuel, other than natural uranium and depleted uranium, capable of producing energy through an independent nuclear fission chain process outside the nuclear reactor, either separately or in combination with some other material; and

(ii) radioactive products or waste;

(i) "nuclear reactor" means any construction containing nuclear fuel in such an arrangement that it may involve an independent nuclear fission chain process without any further neutron source;

(j) "nuclear equipment" means:

(i) any nuclear reactor other than a reactor which is equipped with a means of sea or air transport and which is used as an energy source, either for propulsion or for any other purpose;

(ii) any nuclear fuel factory for the production of nuclear material, or any nuclear material factory, including any irradiated nuclear fuel factory; and

(iii) any installation where nuclear fuel is stored, other than the storage associated with the transport of such material;

provided that the State of the installation may provide that several nuclear installations of one operator located on the same parcel shall be considered as a single nuclear installation;

(k) "nuclear damage" means:

(i) loss of life, any personal injury or any loss or damage to property arising from, or resulting from, a combination of radioactive properties with, or consigned to, toxic, explosive or other dangerous properties of nuclear fuel or radioactive products or waste in nuclear material or nuclear material originating from or consigned to a nuclear installation;

(ii) any other loss or damage resulting therefrom, if so provided for by the law of the competent court and to the extent specified therein;

(iii) where the law of the State of the installation, loss of life, any personal injury or any loss or damage to property arising from or resulting from other ionising radiation emitted by any other source of radiation within the nuclear installation;

(l) "nuclear event" means a case or series of cases having the same origin, causing nuclear damage.

2. The State of the installation may exclude any small amount of nuclear material from the application of this Convention, where this is justified by the small extent of the risks involved, if:

(a) the maximum limits for the exclusion of such quantities have been established by the Governing Council of the International Atomic Energy Agency; and

(b) any exclusion by the State of the installation shall be within the limits thus established.

The Governing Council shall periodically review the maximum limits.

1. A nuclear facility operator is responsible for nuclear damage if it is proven that such damage was caused by a nuclear event

(a) in its nuclear installation; or

(b) involving nuclear material originating from, or originating from, its nuclear installation and which takes place:

(i) before liability in relation to nuclear events involving nuclear material has been recognised on the basis of explicit conditions of a written contract by the operator of another nuclear installation;

(ii) if such explicit conditions were not accepted before the operator of another nuclear installation took over nuclear material;

(iii) where nuclear material is intended to be used in a nuclear reactor which is equipped with a means of transport for use as a source of energy, for propulsion or any other purpose, before the person duly authorised to operate such a reactor has taken over the nuclear material; but

(iv) where nuclear material has been sent to a person in the territory of a State which is not a Contracting Party before being unloaded from the means of transport by which it was brought into the territory of that State which is not a Contracting Party;

(c) involving nuclear material sent to its nuclear installation and which takes place:

(i) after the responsibility in relation to nuclear events involving nuclear material has been recognised on the basis of explicit conditions of a written contract by the operator of another nuclear installation;

(ii) if such explicit conditions were not accepted after taking over nuclear material; or

(iii) after taking over nuclear material from a person operating a nuclear reactor to whom it is equipped with a means of transport for use as a source of energy, for propulsion or for any other purpose; but

(iv) where nuclear material with the operator's written consent was sent by a person from the territory of a State which is not a Contracting Party only after being loaded onto the means of transport by which it is to be transported from the territory of that State;

provided that, where the nuclear damage is caused by a nuclear event occurring in a nuclear installation and includes nuclear material stored there in connection with the transport of such material, the provisions of subparagraph (a) of this paragraph shall not apply where the sole responsibility of another operator or other person under subparagraph (b) or (c) of this paragraph.

2. The State of the establishment may, by law, provide that, in accordance with the conditions which may be specified therein, carriers carrying nuclear material or persons handling radioactive waste may, at its request and with the approval of the operator concerned, be designated or recognised as operators instead of operators of such nuclear material or radioactive waste. In this case, such a carrier or such person shall be considered, for all purposes of this Convention, as an operator of a nuclear installation located in the territory of that State.

3. (a) Where the damage concerns the liability of more than one operator, the operators concerned shall, unless the damage is attributed to each operator reasonably separable, jointly and severally.

(b) Where a nuclear event occurs during the transport of nuclear material by either one and the same means of transport or, in the case of storage in connection with transport, in one and the same nuclear installation and causes nuclear damage involving the liability of more than one operator, the total liability shall not exceed the maximum amount that may be applied to any of them under Article V.

(c) In any of the cases referred to in subparagraphs (a) and (b) of this paragraph, the liability of any operator shall not exceed the amount which may be applied to it under Article V.

4. With the exception of the provisions of paragraph 3 of this Article, where a nuclear event affects several nuclear installations of one and the same operator, such an operator shall be responsible for each such nuclear installation up to an amount which may be linked to it under Article V.

5. Unless otherwise specified in this Convention, no person other than the operator shall be liable for nuclear damage. However, this shall not affect the application of any international convention in the field of transport in force or open for signature, ratification or accession at the date on which it is open for signature.

6. No person shall be liable for any loss or damage which is not a nuclear damage referred to in subparagraph (k) of paragraph 1 of Article I if it could not be covered as such under subparagraph (k) (ii) of this paragraph.

7. Where the law of the competent court so provides, a direct action may be brought against a person providing a financial guarantee under Article VII.

The operator responsible under this Convention shall equip the carrier with a certificate issued by or on behalf of the insurer or other financial guarantor providing the financial guarantee required under Article VII. The certificate shall state the name and address of the operator. The amount, type and duration of the guarantee and such data shall not be questioned by the person who issued or on whose behalf the certificate was issued. The confirmation shall also indicate the nuclear material covered by the guarantee and shall include a declaration by the competent State authority of the State of the installation that the designated person is an operator within the meaning of this Convention.

1. The operator's responsibility for nuclear damage under this Convention will be absolute.

2. Where an operator proves that a nuclear damage has been caused in whole or in part as a result of either serious negligence on the part of the person who suffered the damage or from the conduct or omission of such a person who is intended to cause the damage, the competent court may, if it so provides for its right, waive the operator in whole or in part his obligation to pay compensation for the damage suffered by such a person.

3. (a) Operators shall not be subject to any liability under this Convention for nuclear damage caused directly by armed conflict, hostility, civil war or rebellion.

(b) Except in so far as the law of the State of the installation may provide otherwise, the operator shall not be liable for nuclear damage caused directly by a serious natural disaster of an exceptional nature.

4. Whenever nuclear damage and non-nuclear damage are caused by a nuclear event or jointly by a nuclear event and by one or more other phenomena, such damage, to the extent that it cannot reasonably be separated from nuclear damage, for the purposes of this Convention, will be considered as nuclear damage caused by such a nuclear event. However, where damage is caused jointly by a nuclear event covered by this Convention and the emission of ionising radiation not covered by the Convention, nothing in this Convention shall restrict or otherwise affect liability, whether in relation to any person suffering nuclear damage or in relation to the method of punishment or contribution of any person who may be considered responsible for such emission of ionising radiation.

5. An operator shall not be liable under this Convention for nuclear damage:

(a) on the nuclear installation itself, on any property on the property of that installation which is used or is to be used in connection with that installation; or

(b) the means of transport on which the nuclear material concerned was present at the time of the nuclear event.

6. Any State of an installation may, by law, provide that subparagraph (b) (5) shall not apply provided that the operator's liability for nuclear damage other than nuclear damage on a vehicle is not reduced to less than USD 5 million for each nuclear event.

7. Nothing in this Convention will affect

(a) the liability of any individual for nuclear damage for which an operator is not responsible pursuant to paragraph 3 or 5 of this Article of this Convention and which that individual has caused by acts or omissions made with a view to causing damage; or

(b) liability outside this Convention which the operator holds for nuclear damage for which it is not responsible under subparagraph (b) (5) of this Article.

1. The operator's liability may be limited by the State to an amount not less than USD 5 million for each nuclear event.

2. Any limitation of liability which may be provided for under this Article shall not include interest or costs granted by the court in the course of actions for compensation for nuclear damage.

3. The US dollar referred to in this Convention is a unit of account equal to the value of the US dollar in gold on 29 April 1963, i.e. USD 35 per trojan ounce of pure gold.

4. The amount referred to in paragraph 6 of Article IV and in paragraph 1 of this Article may be transferred to the national currency in rounded amounts.

1. The right to compensation under this Convention shall cease if the action is not brought within 10 years of the date of the nuclear event. However, where the liability of the operator under the law of the State of the establishment is covered by insurance or by another financial guarantee or by State funds for a period of more than 10 years, the law of the competent court may provide that the right to compensation against the operator shall expire only after a period which may be longer than the period for which its liability is so covered under the law of the State of establishment. Such an extension of the period for the termination of the right shall in no way affect the right to compensation under this Convention for a person who has brought an action against an operator before the expiry of the abovementioned period of 10 years for loss of life or harm.

2. Where nuclear damage is caused by a nuclear event involving nuclear material that was stolen, lost, thrown into the sea or abandoned at the time of the nuclear event, the period laid down in paragraph 1 of this Article shall be calculated from the date of such nuclear event, but shall in no case exceed 20 years from the date of theft, loss, drop into the sea or abandonment.

3. The law of the competent court may provide for a period of no less than three years from the date on which the person who suffered the nuclear damage became aware or was to be informed of the damage and of the operator responsible for the damage, provided that the period laid down in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article is not exceeded.

4. Save as otherwise provided in the law of the competent court, any person who claims to have suffered nuclear damage and who has brought an action for damages within the period applicable under this Article may complete his claim in such a way as to take account of any increase in damage, even after the expiry of that period, provided that no final decision has been taken.

5. Where the powers referred to in subparagraph (b) (3) of Article XI need to be laid down and the application has been submitted within the period applicable under this Article to any of the Contracting Parties empowered to take such a decision, but the time remaining after such a decision is less than six months, the period within which the action may be brought shall be six months and shall be counted from the date of such decision.

1. An operator will be required to have insurance or other financial guarantee covering its liability for nuclear damage in such amounts, of the type and under the conditions laid down by the State of the installation. The State of the installation shall ensure that the claims for compensation against the operator are met by providing the necessary funds to the extent that the return on insurance or other financial guarantee is not adequate to satisfy such claims but which does not exceed the limit set in accordance with Article V, where such a limit exists.

2. Nothing in paragraph 1 of this Article shall require a Contracting Party, or parts thereof such as States or Republics, to have insurance or other financial guarantee to cover their liability as operators.

3. Funds provided by insurance or other financial guarantee or by the State of an installation pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article shall be available exclusively for damages due under this Convention.

4. No insurer or other financial guarantor shall suspend or revoke the insurance or other financial guarantee provided under paragraph 1 of this Article without notifying the competent State authority in writing at least two months in advance or, where such insurance or other financial guarantee relates to the transport of nuclear material, during such transport.

With the exception of the provisions of this Convention, the nature, form and extent of the compensation and its fair distribution shall be governed by the law of the competent court.

1. Where the provisions on compensation schemes for damage to national or public health insurance, social insurance, social security, occupational insurance or occupational disease include compensation for nuclear damage, the rights of beneficiaries of such schemes to obtain compensation under this Convention and the right to penalties against the responsible operator resulting from those schemes shall be governed, with the exception of the provisions of this Convention, by the law of the Contracting Party in which such schemes have been established or by the rules of the intergovernmental organisation which has created such schemes.

2. (a) Where a person who is a national of a Contracting Party other than an operator has paid compensation for nuclear damage under the International Convention or under the law of a State which is not a Contracting Party, the rights of the person so compensated under this Convention shall be transferred to such person, up to the amount he has paid. However, no person shall acquire any rights to the extent that the operator has the right to be punished under this Convention.

(b) Nothing in this Convention shall prevent an operator who has paid compensation for nuclear damage from funds other than those provided for under paragraph 1 of Article VII from recovering from the person providing the financial guarantee under this Article or from the State of the installation, up to the amount he has paid, the sum that the person so compensated would have received under this Convention.

The operator will only be entitled to the penalty if:

(a) where this is expressly provided for in a written contract; or

(b) if the nuclear event is the result of an act or omission with the intention of causing damage, against an individual who has acted or neglected to deal with such an intention.

1. Unless otherwise provided for in this Article, only the courts of the Contracting Party in whose territory a nuclear event has occurred shall have the power to deal with actions under Article II.

2. Where a nuclear event has occurred outside the territory of any of the Contracting Parties, or where the site of a nuclear event cannot be determined with certainty, the jurisdiction to deal with actions shall be exercised by the courts of the State of the establishment whose operator is responsible.

3. Where, pursuant to paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article, the jurisdiction of courts of more than one Contracting State is established, the jurisdiction of:

(a) where a nuclear event has occurred partly outside the territory of either Contracting Party and partly within the territory of one Contracting Party, the courts of that Contracting Party; and

(b) in any other case, the courts of that Contracting Party which are determined by an agreement between the Contracting Parties whose courts would have jurisdiction pursuant to paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article.

1. A final decision given by a court having jurisdiction under Article XI shall be recognised in the territory of any other Contracting Party, except in cases where:

(a) when the decision was obtained by fraud;

(b) where the party against whom the decision has been taken has not been given a fair opportunity to present his case; or

(c) where the decision is contrary to the public policy of the Contracting Party in whose territory recognition is sought or does not comply with the fundamental standards of justice.

2. The final decision which is recognised shall be enforceable, on presentation for enforcement in accordance with the formalities required by the law of the Contracting Party where enforcement is sought, as if it were a judgment of the court of that Contracting Party.

3. The basis of the claim for which the decision was given shall not be subject to further proceedings.

This Convention and the national law applicable thereto shall apply without discrimination on grounds of citizenship, residence or residence.

In actions under this Convention, they shall not be brought before courts competent under Article XI, except for enforcement measures, in accordance with national and international law.

The Contracting Parties shall take appropriate measures to ensure that compensation for nuclear damage, interest and expenditure granted in this context by the Court, insurance premiums and reinsurance premiums and funds provided by insurance, reinsurance insurance or other financial guarantee, or funds provided by the State to an installation under this Convention, are freely transferable to the currency of the Contracting Party in whose territory the damage occurred, and to the currency of the Contracting Party in whose territory the beneficiary has his normal residence and, as regards insurance and reinsurance premiums and charges, to the currency specified in the insurance or reinsurance contract.

No person shall be entitled to receive compensation under this Convention to the extent that he has accepted compensation for the same nuclear damage under another international Convention on Civil Responsibility in the field of Nuclear Energy.

This Convention shall not, as far as its Parties are concerned, affect the application of any international agreements or international conventions on civil liability in the field of nuclear energy in force or open for signature, ratification or accession at the date on which this Convention is open for signature.

This Convention shall not be interpreted as affecting the rights of a Contracting Party in relation to nuclear damage under the general rules of public international law, if any.

1. Any Contracting Party which enters into an agreement under subparagraph (b) (3) of Article XI shall immediately send a copy of such an agreement to the Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency for information and distribution to the other Contracting Parties.

2. The Contracting Parties shall forward to the Director-General, for information and distribution to other Contracting Parties, copies of their respective laws and regulations concerning matters governed by this Convention.

Notwithstanding the termination of the application of this Convention by any Contracting Party, either by termination pursuant to Article XXV or by denunciation pursuant to Article XXVI, the provisions of this Convention shall continue to apply to any nuclear damage caused by a nuclear event occurring before such termination.

This Convention shall be open for signature by the States represented at the International Conference on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage, held in Vienna on 29 April - 19 May 1963.

This Convention shall be ratified and the instruments of ratification deposited with the Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency.

This Convention shall enter into force three months after the deposit of the fifth instrument of ratification and for each State ratifying the Convention after that date, three months after the deposit of the instrument of ratification by that State.

1. Any Member State of the United Nations or any of the specialised organisations or the International Atomic Energy Agency which has not been represented at the International Conference on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage, held in Vienna on 29 April - 19 May 1963, may accede to this Convention.

The instruments of access shall be deposited with the Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency.

3. This Convention shall enter into force in respect of the acceding State three months after the date of deposit of the instrument of accession of that State, but not before the date of entry into force of this Convention on the basis of Article XXIII.

1. This Convention shall remain in force for a period of 10 years from the date of its entry into force. Before the expiry of that period, each Contracting Party may notify the Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency at least 12 months in advance of the termination of this Convention by the end of that period of 10 years.

2. This Convention shall remain in force for a period of 10 years for a further period of five years for those Contracting Parties which have not ceased to apply it pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article and thereafter for a further period of five years for those Contracting Parties which have not ceased to apply it at the end of one of those periods by notification given at least 12 months in advance to the Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency.

1. If one third of the Contracting Parties express such a wish, the Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency shall convene a conference at any time five years after the entry into force of this Convention to assess its revision.

2. Either Party may denounce this Convention by notifying the Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency 12 months after the first revised conference held pursuant to paragraph 1 of this Article.

3. The denunciation shall take effect one year after the date on which the Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency receives such notification.

The Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency shall notify the States invited to the International Conference on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage held in Vienna on 29 April - 19 May 1963 and the States which acceded to the Convention,

(a) the signatures and instruments of ratification and accession received pursuant to Articles XXI, XXII and XXIV;

(b) the date on which the Convention enters into force pursuant to Article XXIII;

(c) a notice of termination and termination of the Convention received pursuant to Article XXV and Article XXVI;

(d) requests to convene a revised conference pursuant to Article XXVI.

The Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency shall register this Convention in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.

The original of this Convention, the English, French, Russian and Spanish versions of which are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency, who shall issue certified copies.

In order to prove what, the undersigned, having been duly empowered to do so, have signed this Convention.

Given in Vienna on the twenty-first day of May a thousand nine hundred sixty-three.

COMMON PROTOCOL CONCERNING APPLIANCES

VIDENIC CONVENTIONS AND PARIS CONVENTIONS

Conference on the relationship between the Paris and Vienna Conventions held at the headquarters of the International Atomic Energy Agency

Vienna, 21 September 1988

Contracting Parties

- having regard to the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage of 21 May 1963,

- having regard to the Paris Convention on Civil Responsibility in the Field of Nuclear Energy of 29 July 1960, supplemented by the Additional Protocol of 28 January 1964 and the Protocol of 16 November 1982,

- taking into account that the Vienna and Paris Conventions are similar in terms of content and that no State is currently a party to both Conventions,

- convinced that joining a participant in one or the other convention would lead to difficulties arising from the simultaneous application of the two conventions to a nuclear event, and

- seeking to establish a link between the Vienna and Paris Conventions by extending the benefits of the special regime of civil liability for nuclear damage enshrined in the two Conventions and eliminating conflicts arising from the current application of the two Conventions to one nuclear event,

agree on the following:

In this Protocol:

(a) "Vienna Convention" shall mean the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage of 21 May 1963 and any amendment thereto applicable to the Contracting Party to this Protocol;

(b) "Paris Convention" means the Paris Convention on Civil Responsibility in the Field of Nuclear Energy of 29 July 1960 and any amendment thereto which applies to the Contracting Party to this Protocol.

For the purposes of this Protocol:

(a) The operator of a nuclear installation located in the territory of a participant in the Vienna Convention shall be liable in accordance with this Convention for nuclear damage caused in the territory of both the Paris Convention and this Protocol,

(b) The operator of a nuclear installation located in the territory of a participant in the Paris Convention will be responsible, in accordance with this Convention, for nuclear damage caused in the territory of both the Vienna Convention and this Protocol.

1. Either the Vienna Convention or the Paris Convention will apply to a nuclear event, excluding the other.

2. In the event of a nuclear incident occurring in a nuclear installation, the Convention involving the State in whose territory the installation is located shall apply.

3. In the event of a nuclear event outside a nuclear installation involving nuclear material during transport, the Convention involving the State in whose territory a nuclear installation is located, the operator of which is responsible either under Article II 1 (b) and (c) of the Vienna Convention or under Article 4 (a) and (b) of the Paris Convention shall apply.

1. I to XV of the Vienna Convention shall apply in the same way as between the Parties to this Protocol which are parties to the Paris Convention.

2. Articles 1 to 14 The Paris Conventions shall apply in the same way as between the Parties to this Protocol which are parties to the Vienna Convention.

This Protocol shall be open for signature at the headquarters of the International Atomic Energy Agency for all States which have signed, ratified or acceded either to Vienna or to the Paris Convention.

1. This Protocol shall be subject to ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. The instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval shall be adopted only by States which are parties to either the Vienna Convention or the Paris Convention. Any one of these states that has not signed this protocol may accede to it.

Citation	Communication from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs No. 133 / 1994 Coll., on the access of the Czech Republic to the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage and the Joint Protocol on the Application of the Vienna Convention and the Paris Convention
Regulation Type	International Treaty
Author	-
Collection	Code of Laws

Date of Promulgation	24.06.1994
Effective from	24.06.1994
Effective until	-
Status	Valid

Communication from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the access of the Czech Republic to the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damages and the Joint Protocol on the Application of the Vienna Convention and the Paris Convention

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